!Pancreas - Beta Islet Cells
!!Anatomy
Beta cells are __endocrine cells__ in the islets of Langerhans in the ((Digestive - Pancreas Overview|pancreas)). These 65-80% of the islet cells synthesize the peptide hormone __insulin__ which transports glucose out of the ((Circulatory - Blood|bloodstream)) into the tissues and cells via a lock-and-key mechanism. It is also necessary to __transform glucose into glycogen__, the form in which it can be stored. By the function of insulin, the blood sugar level is lowered.
Glycogen is stored especially in the ((Digestive - Liver - Parenchyma|liver)) and in ((Musculoskeletal - Skeletal Muscles|muscle tissue)). From there, it can be released and accessed with the help of glucagon, a hormone produced in the ((Endocrine - Pancreas - Alpha Islet Cells|Alpha cells)) of the islets of Langerhans. Insulin also promotes fat storage and counteracts Fat reduction (lipolysis).
Insulin is released into the bloodstream in intervals of about 5 minutes, with peaks after food intake.

{img fileId="257" thumb="box"}graphic: wikipedia, B.Lausen

{img fileId="187" thumb="box"} graphic: Kora Klapp

!!Brain
The diencephalon is situated between midbrain and central cerebrum. 
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!!!Relay:
Cerebral Cortex ( - / + ), diencephalon right side
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!!Mind
!!!Theme:
inner resistance, avoiding confrontation 
Also: overpowered, not able or allowed to move

High blood sugar is a biological strategy to create warmth in the body, as a survival mechanism in cold or states of freeze [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3854349/|Study] 

!!!Emotions, Thoughts:
__Disgust, Fear, Humiliation, Resentment__

Female nuance:
*Yuck!
*I'm going to throw up!
*I can't even look there.
*I can't look away there.
*I am disgusting.
Male nuance:
*Why don't I have the courage to do this?
*Don´t you dare bother me with that!
*I´m not doing that, no way!
*Leave me alone!
*Stay where you are!

!!!META-Meaning:
*Now I'll do it!
*Now, I will trust myself to react in a direct and relieving way
*Even when I got into this situation, I love and accept myself and my needs.

!!Organ
!!!Stress Phase Symptoms:
Reduced insulin release and production in the Beta cells resulting in low sugar levels in the tissue and __high levels in the blood__, because the transport into the cells is restricted. Enhanced fat reduction (lipolysis) and formation of keton bodies leads to __ketosis__, i e the metabolism shifts into extracting energy from protein and fatty tissues. The blood sugar level is high.
__Main Symptoms__: frequent urination (polyuria), thirst, dry mouth, fruity odour from mouth and body, weight loss, weakness, fainting, spasms, neural dysfunctions, possibly depressive moods.
__Possible diagnoses__: Hyperglycemia, juvenile diabetes (type I), Diabetes mellitus, acute: diabetic coma, hyperglykemic coma, metabolic acidosis

Blood Sugar Test:
*40-70 mg/dl - Considered low blood sugar (hypoglycemia)

*70-100 mg/dl - Considered normal

*100-150 mg/dl - High level, usually after eating rich meal (hyperglycemia)

*150-400 mg/dl - Very high levels (hyperglycemia)

Hemoglobin HbA1c Test:
*4% and 5.6% - Normal range

*5.7% and 6.4% associated with increased risk of diabetes

*6.5% or higher indicate diabetes

!!!Regeneration Phase Symptoms:
Slow resumption of insulin production in the Beta cells. After long stress-activity, insulin insufficiency may remain. 
__Fluctuation__ in blood sugar levels is common. 
.
Under unfavourable conditions (prolonged regeneration, chronic processes), an __insulinoma__ can appear

!!!Healing Peak:
Short-termed peak in hyperglykemia, followed by longer hypoglykemia. In extreme cases, hyperglykemic coma is possible. 

Symptoms of hypoglykemia are attacks of sweating, trembling (tremor), fainting, dizziness (vertigo), loss of consciousness (absence, coma)
Lasting hypoglykemia has the risk of neural damage, because nerve cells are supplied directly by glucose.

!!!Biological meaning
The organism forces a shift in metabolism and in lifestyle to resolve the conflict. 

!!Social

!!!Examples:
__Inner resistance, disgust__
*An older man (diabetes II) enjoys his home territory with his books and computer - he loves knowledge and science. His wife is interested in metaphysics and wishes she could share with him, but he thinks of these topics with disgust. However, both value good food which gives them life quality.

__Humiliation and incapability for active solution__
*The client (diabetes II) with immigration background realizes the pattern to not being recognized and accepted according to his competence, and to not being capable to defend his position. By emotional release, active motion and changes in nutrition (green smoothies, low carb) he can manage the fluctuations. (Valentic, MHU archive)
*The young client (diabetes I) experienced humiliation in emotional situations. Through coaching, emotional release, mindfulness and change in nutrition he succeeds in getting rid of insulin injections. (Hunyadi)
*There is a family theme of girls being neglected for the client (diabetes I): her mother was abandoned by her partner, and the client has fix thoughts of staying alone. Already as a child she felt nonchalated by her father, later in life men won't go in for a deeper relationship with her. Emotions of indignation and fear of abandonment are common to her. Reimprinting the pattern and her beliefs open her up for active changes. (Klapp)

__Overpowered or not able to move__

*A girl sees her father having a seizure in the swimming pool. She tries to keep him afloat, but her strength is not enough. The father is saved by others, the girl got diabetes 1 from then on. (Frauenkron-Hoffmann) 

!!Additional Information
Nerve cells and erythrocytes take up glucose independent on insulin. Therefore, the insulin-dependent cells take up more glucose during a prolonged regeneration phase, which leaves less for the nerve cells. In lasting __hypoglykemia__ there is a risk that the nerve system gets damaged. 

!!!Insulin resistance: 
When stress levels are high but there is no way to __release it by motion__ or resolution, the blood sugar level gets generally elevated. Much insulin is produced to transfer the energy into the cells, but these tend to deactivate their insulin receptors when there is no need for more energy. 
Thus, __oversupply with inappropriate food__ promotes insulin resistance: the number of receptors is reduced, and even externally supplied insulin does not decrease the blood sugar level. Because of the inhibited utilization of glucose in muscle tissue, more insulin is released (hyperinsulinism) and receptors are reduced further.

Long-termed hyper- and hypoglykemia can influence blood vessel walls (__angiopathy__) and promote degeneration especially in the ((Sensory - Eyes - Retina|retina)) (diabetic retinopathy), kidneys (diabetic nephropathy) and extremities (diabetic foot syndrome).

!!!Constellations
__Diabetes II__: simultaneous stress-activity in ((Endocrine - Pancreas - Islets of Langerhans|both sugar relays)) leads to hyper- and hypoglykemia, fluctuations in blood sugar levels, and manic or depressive moods (hormonal scale).

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!!!Differential Diagnosis:
Cause of hyperglykemia often is a __lifestyle__ where stress is not released through motion. 

__Sympathomimetic drugs__ like cortison, antibiotics and catecholamines elevate the blood sugar by artificial stressing up the organism.

__((Endocrine - Pituitary Gland - Posterior Lobe|Pituitary Gland - Posterior Lobe))__ (CC -/+) Stress (Bonding vs Individuality): loss of production/release of ADH, enhanced urination and much thirst, diabetes insipidus

__((Digestive - Liver - Parenchyma|Liver Parenchyma))__ (BS +/-) Stress (starvation fear): enhanced neoglycogenesis, high fasting blood sugar, energy storage, obesity, fatty liver, liver cell carcinoma; Regeneration phase: indigestion, nightly sweating

__((Endocrine - Adrenal Gland - Medulla|Adrenal Medulla))__ (BS +/-) Blood sugar level is elevated in every stress phase by adrenalin and noradrenalin. 

__((Endocrine - Adrenal Gland - Cortex|Adrenal Cortex))__ (CC -/+) Stress (orientation): drop of blood sugar, energylessness; Regeneration phae: elevated blood sugar, energy surge

__((Endocrine - Thyroid - Follicular Epithelium|Thyroid))__ (BS +/-) Stress (velocity): nervousness, weight loss, tremor, hungry through enhanced metabolism 
